What elements contribute to the immunity of dogs, cats, and other pets?

First, there are physical barriers like the skin, saliva, and gastric pH, which are the first line of defense, protecting against various pathogens from the outside. A cut, a problem in the mucosa, or similar issues can decrease their protective capacity.

Next is the innate immunity, which awakens when an external agent (bacteria, fungus, dirt) crosses the first barrier, destroying the agents before they cause infection. Neutrophils, natural killer cells, and macrophages form this barrier.

Lastly, there is adaptive immunity. It can recognize the invader and generate a specific response. It's an acquired immunity, for example, through vaccines.

The vaccination plan for each puppy is customized, taking into account its breed and specific needs.

Vaccines in dogs not only protect the individual animal but also contribute to "herd immunity". This means that by keeping a significant proportion of the canine population vaccinated, the likelihood of contagious diseases spreading is reduced.

Vaccination is usually divided into three phases:

• Pre-vaccines: It is crucial to verify that the puppy is healthy (including its nutritional status) and free of parasites.
• During vaccination: Immunity develops gradually throughout the program (and booster shots may be necessary).
• Post-vaccines: It's important to perform regular check-ups and inform the veterinarian of any unusual signs.

The veterinarian is present throughout the life of a pet and is responsible for administering treatments and recommending changes in routine, diet, and exercise to ensure their well-being and quality of life.

For example, during the vaccination process, mild side effects such as fever or fatigue may occur, and in these cases, it is necessary to consult the veterinarian.

As they age and bodily defenses weaken, this animal professional will also make recommendations to improve the condition of our pets.